Linux was invented by Linus Torvalds in 1991, who was a student of University of Helsinki in Finland. It was freely distributed around the world and Linus Torvalds asked the people to send their reviews regarding their likes and dislikes about the Linux. Many people helped him by contributing codes for Linux through their feedback. And then finally he resolves all the errors in Linux and published its several versions.
Linux has two interfaces: 1. Command Line Interface (CLI) 2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
It has 6 virtual consoles, by pressing Alt+Ctrl+f1 to Alt+Ctrl+f6, we can switch from one console to another.
Alt+Ctrl+f1 - 1st console
Alt+Ctrl+f2 - 2nd console
Alt+Ctrl+f3 - 3rd console
Alt+Ctrl+f4 - 4th console
Alt+Ctrl+f5 - 5th console
Alt+Ctrl+f6 - 6th console
ALL THE ABOVE CONSOLES ARE COMMAND LINE INTERFACES
Linux has one graphical user interface.
Alt+Ctrl+f7 - Graphical console
FEATURES OF LINUX
Here are some basic and major of Linux.
Multiuser: As Linux has 7 consoles, therefore, more than one user can work on it at same system at same time.
Multitask: Since multiuser can login at same time in Linux, therefore, many tasks can be performed at same time on same system.
Networking: Linux supports networking and many network protocols like TCP, IPv4, IPv6, etc.
Virus Free: Best feature of Linux is that, it is virus free operating system. In Linux, .exe file does not execute, so there is no risk of virus in Linux.
HARD DISK SUPPORTS
- Linux supports IDE Hard disks maximum up to 4.
- Linux supports SATA hard disk maximum up to 31.
- In Linux, maximum partition of a hard disk can be up to 16. In which 4 partitions should be primary and 12 partitions should be logical.
- Linux recommends at least 3 partitions which are
/
/boot
swap
FILESYSTEM HIERARCHY STANDARD
FHS includes all the major and important directories of Linux. These are:
- /etc -> Contains all the configuration files.
- /home -> Contains the home directory of a normal user.
- /boot -> Contains the boot loader and kernel configuration related files.
- /root -> Contains the home directory of the super user, i.e., root.
- /bin -> Contains the binary file of user.
- /sbin -> Contains the binary files for system. A normal user cannot access this directory. Only root has the permission to access this directory.
- /lib -> Contains libraries which are user Linux applications.
- /usr -> Contains rpm (universal and all the software system resources).
- /mnt or /media -> In Linux, all the removable devices like cdrom are mounted in /media directory, whereas all the non-removable devices are mount on /mnt directory. But both are temporary mounting point and their work are same.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Root is by default an administrator name in Linux.
Account and password information of root and other users are stored in:
- /etc/passwd -> Contains the account information and login shell of the root and other users.
- /etc/shadow -> Contains the root's and user's password in encrypted form and password validity details.
- /etc/group -> Contains the information of group.
When you login with root, you will see
Here, root is admin name, localhost is the system name, tild(~) indicates the home directory (this implies, root is in his home directory) and # indicates authorized use, that means, that means root has the authority to access the particular directory.
FHS includes all the major and important directories of Linux. These are:
- /etc -> Contains all the configuration files.
- /home -> Contains the home directory of a normal user.
- /boot -> Contains the boot loader and kernel configuration related files.
- /root -> Contains the home directory of the super user, i.e., root.
- /bin -> Contains the binary file of user.
- /sbin -> Contains the binary files for system. A normal user cannot access this directory. Only root has the permission to access this directory.
- /lib -> Contains libraries which are user Linux applications.
- /usr -> Contains rpm (universal and all the software system resources).
- /mnt or /media -> In Linux, all the removable devices like cdrom are mounted in /media directory, whereas all the non-removable devices are mount on /mnt directory. But both are temporary mounting point and their work are same.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Root is by default an administrator name in Linux.
Account and password information of root and other users are stored in:
- /etc/passwd -> Contains the account information and login shell of the root and other users.
- /etc/shadow -> Contains the root's and user's password in encrypted form and password validity details.
- /etc/group -> Contains the information of group.
When you login with root, you will see
Here, root is admin name, localhost is the system name, tild(~) indicates the home directory (this implies, root is in his home directory) and # indicates authorized use, that means, that means root has the authority to access the particular directory.
